Resumen Introduction: El cáncer de mama es la principal causa de mortalidad por cáncer en mujeres mexicanas. Objetivo: Identificar la concordancia entre la biopsia con aguja de corte (BAC) y la biopsia escisional (BE) con respecto al diagnóstico, receptores hormonales (RH) y Her2. Material y Métodos: Se registró el número de fragmentos cilíndricos, datos demográficos, tipo histológico y tratamiento. Se recopilaron resultados de RH y Her2. Resultados: Se incluyeron 70 mujeres con mediana de edad de 58 años. El diagnóstico inicial en BAC fue carcinoma ductal invasivo 56 (80%), lobular 10 (14%) y mixtos 4 (6%). El acuerdo de diagnóstico entre BAC y BE fue del 97%, k = 0.65. Se observó una concordancia de 92% (k = 0.75), 75% (k = 0.26) y 67% (k = 0.46) para las determinaciones de receptor de estrógenos (RE), receptor de progesterona (RP) y Her2, y los valores predictivos positivos en BAC fueron 0.96, 0.89 y 0.44, respectivamente. Conclusión: Los RH y la concordancia de Her2 mediante inmunohistoquímica (IHC) manual se encuentran dentro del rango de valores obtenidos mediante el uso de IHC automatizada. Los errores técnicos/de lectura contribuyeron más a discordancia que la heterogeneidad tumoral.

Abstract Introduction: Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality in Mexican women. Objective: The objective of the study was to identify concordances among core needle biopsy (CNB) and excisional biopsies (EB) regarding diagnosis, hormonal receptors (HR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2). Materials and methods: Core number, demographic data, histological type, and treatment were documented for each sample. Reported HR and Her2 score from both samples were compiled. Results: 70 women with both CNB/EB were included. Median age was 58 (36-87) years; initial diagnosis in CNB were invasive ductal 56 (80%), lobular 10 (14%), and mixed 4 (6%) carcinomas. Diagnostic agreement among CNB and EB was of 97%, k = 0.65. A concordance of 92% (k = 0.75), 75% (k = 0.26), and 67% (k = 0.46) was observed for estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, and Her2 determinations, and positive predictive values in CNB were 0.96, 0.89, and 0.44, respectively. Conclusion: HR and Her2 concordances using manual-immunohistochemistry (IHC) were found within the range of values obtained using automatized-IHC. When compared to tumor heterogeneity, technical/reading errors contribute more to discordances.

Abstract Coffee leaf rust (Hemileia vastatrix) is the most important disease in coffee crops around the world. Currently, there is limited knowledge about mass production methodologies and ex-situ infection of H. vastatrix that lead to the development of different health characterization studies of Coffea or disease phenotyping. In this context, the aim of this research was to develop a simple protocol for the mass production of coffee rust uredospores under controlled conditions and to determine their infection in coffee seedlings. Uredospores of H. vastatrix were collected from infected plants in the “Chontal” coffee-growing area in San Martín, Peru. The viability of uredospore germination was evaluated, and a uredospores suspension (2 x 105 uredospores/mL) was prepared to inoculate coffee seedlings. Incidence and sporulation rates were evaluated after 43 days of inoculation. During the multiplication process of H. vastatrix uredospores, using controlled conditions (23±1 °C, ≈ 80% relative humidity and photoperiod of 16 hours of light) under an innovative system, the first symptoms of chlorosis were observed on coffee leaves 20 days after inoculation. Our findings show a 100% incidence of inoculated coffee plants with an average of 54 mg of H. vastatrix uredospores per plant and a 1.38 x 10-1 mg/cm2 sporulation rate. Finally, here we report a protocol that allows mass multiplication of H. vastatrix uredospores under controlled conditions, that would be useful in any time for coffee leaf rust bioassays.

Background: Women authorship in scientific publication is still limited, especially in hierarchical positions. Objective: To analyze the participation of women as authors in Latin American pediatric publications and its variation over 35 years. Methods: All articles from Archivos Argentinos de Pediatria, Jornal de Pediatria, and Revista Chilena de Pediatria from the analyzed years (1985, 1995, 2005, 2015, 2020) were identified, calculating the proportion of women as authors, and as first and last author. For each variable, changes in the studied period were evaluated  (X2 for trend). Results: We evaluated 1860 articles (6039 authors). After a significant increase during the analyzed period , in 2020, 59.1% of the co-authors, 59.7% of the first and 44.4% of the last authors were women. Conclusion: The proportion of women authors in Latin American pediatric journals has increased in 35 years, reaching 59.1%. However, their participation in prestigious areas is still limited.

Introducción: La participación de la mujer en publicación científica es limitada, especialmente en posiciones jerárquicas. Objetivo: Estimar la participación de la mujer en publicaciones pediátricas latinoamericanas y su variación en 35 años. Métodos: Se identificaron todos los artículos de Archivos Argentinos de Pediatría, Jornal de Pediatria y Revista Chilena de Pediatría de los años analizados (1985,1995, 2005, 2015, 2020), calculando la proporción de mujeres autoras, y como primer y último autor. Para cada variable, se evaluaron las modificaciones en el período estudiado (X2 para tendencia). Resultados: Evaluamos 1860 artículos (6039 autores). Luego de un incremento significativo en el período evaluado, en 2020, 59,1 % de los autores, 59,7 % de los primeros autores, y 44,4 % de los últimos eran mujeres. Conclusión: La proporción de mujeres autoras en revistas pediátricas latinoamericanas se incrementó en 35 años, alcanzando 59,1 %, pero su participación en lugares de prestigio es aún limitada.

Objective: To associate the socio-demographic aspects and the quality of life in oral health of the personnel of the Municipality of Azogues - Ecuador. Material and methods: This is a transversal, descriptive, observational research that investigated 185 adults, applying a survey to determine aspects related to personal data, social determinants and use of dental service. Afterwards, the impact of oral health on the quality of life was investigated using the Ohip-14Sp validated questionnaire. Univariate and bivariate analyzes were carried out. For the bivariate study, the Odds Ratio (OR) was used to associate the aforementioned factors with the quality of life related to oral health (HRQOL). There was a confidence level of 95% and p <0.05. Results: No statistically significant association was found when evaluating all variables with CVRSB; The group with the highest prevalence of impacts according to the level of education were University students with 46%; according to the monthly income, the monthly income less than $ 1000 with 66%, according to the labor denomination the workers with 53%; according to the reason for consultation, other causes were 39%. However, although there is no significant association, it can be seen that the male sex was the most impacted. Conclusions: The social determinants and CVRSB were not associated. The dimensions of functional limitation, physical pain and obstacles were the most frequent.

Objetivo: Asociar los aspectos socio demográficos y la calidad de vida en salud bucal del personal del Municipio de Azogues - Ecuador. Material y métodos: La presente constituye una investigación transversal, descriptiva, observacional misma que investigó a 185 adultos, aplicándoles una encuesta para determinar aspectos relacionadas a datos personales, determinantes sociales y uso de servicio odontológico. Seguido se indagó sobre el impacto de la salud bucal en la calidad de vida utilizando el cuestionario validado Ohip -14Sp. Se efectúo análisis univariado y bivariado. Para el estudio bivariado se utilizó el Odds Ratio (OR) para asociar los factores mencionados con la calidad de vida relacionada a la salud bucal (CVRSB). Se contó con un nivel de confianza del 95% y un p<0,05. Resultados: No se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa al evaluar todas las variables con CVRSB; el grupo con la mayor prevalencia de impactos según el nivel de instrucción fueron Universitarios con un 46%; según el ingreso mensual, los de ingreso mensual menor a $1000 con un 66%; de acuerdo a la denominación laboral los trabajadores con un 53%; de acuerdo al motivo de consulta, fueron otras causas 39%. Sin embargo, a pesar de que no hay una asociación significativa, se puede apreciar que el sexo masculino fue el más impactado. Conclusiones: Las determinantes sociales y CVRSB no estuvieron asociados. Las dimensiones limitación funcional, dolor físico y obstáculos fueron las más frecuentes.

Summary: The BBCH scale is widely adopted throughout the world for the description of the growth stages of several economically important crops, but a detailed description of the stages of phenological growth in huizache (Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd.) has never been developed or followed up with remote sensors. The main objective of this work was to analyze the spectral and temporal patterns of the vegetative and reproductive development phenology (flowering only) of the huizache (Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd.). Temporary monitoring of 11 huizache trees located in the urban park “La presa de San Jose”, San Luis Potosí, Mexico was implemented. The spectral measurements were made in the red (660 nm) and near infrared (830 nm) segments that were the inputs for the standardized index of vegetation for flowering and foliage (IVFFn) proposed by Casiano and Paz, while phenological stages were obtained in the BBCH numerical scale. The phenological patterns were analyzed in the spaces IVFFn-Time, BBCH-Time and IVFFn-BBCH. In the first two spaces, the results showed a vertical line where the stages of rapid vegetative development without stages of flowering are located as the recurrent pattern. Vegetative development and flowering as simultaneous stages are exhibited in an inclined plane. In the IVFFn-BBCH space it was possible to establish a clear relation between the different phenological stages including flowering of huizache (Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd.) and vegetation indices, which provide field evidence of the scope of the IVFF and its relationship with the phenological stages in the BBCH scale, which allow us to propose a scheme for the modeling of the phenological stages for A. farnesiana (L.) Willd. from spectral data.

Resumen: La escala BBCH es ampliamente adoptada en todo el mundo para la descripción de las etapas de desarrollo del crecimiento de varios cultivos de importancia económica, pero nunca se ha desarrollado una descripción detallada de las etapas de crecimiento fenológico en huizache (Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd.) al mismo tiempo que se le da seguimiento con sensores remotos. El objetivo principal de este trabajo fue analizar los patrones espectrales y temporales de la fenología del desarrollo vegetativo y reproductivo (solo floración) del huizache (Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd.). Se dio seguimiento temporal a 11 árboles de huizache localizados en el parque urbano de “La presa San José”, San Luis Potosí, México. Las mediciones espectrales se realizaron en los segmentos del rojo (660 nm) e infrarrojo cercano (830 nm) que fueron los insumos para el índice normalizado de Vegetación para Floración y Follaje (IVFFn) propuesto por Casiano y Paz, al tiempo que se obtuvieron estadios fenológicos en la escala numérica BBCH. Los patrones fenológicos se analizaron en los espacios IVFFn-Tiempo, BBCH-Tiempo e IVFFn-BBCH. En los dos primeros espacios, los resultados mostraron una línea vertical donde se localizan los estadios del rápido desarrollo vegetativo sin estadios de floración como el patrón recurrente. El desarrollo vegetativo y floración como suceso simultáneo de estadios, se exhibe en un plano inclinado. En el espacio IVFFn-BBCH se logró establecer una clara relación entre las diferentes etapas fenológicas incluyendo la floración de huizache (Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd.) y los índices de vegetación, lo que aporta evidencia de campo del alcance del IVFF y su relación con los estadios fenológicos en la escala BBCH, que permiten plantear un esquema para la modelación de los fenoestadios para A. farnesiana (L.) Willd. a partir de datos espectrales.

Resumo A gestão do conhecimento como prática capaz de trazer vantagem competitiva e inovação às firmas é um consenso entre os pesquisadores. A gestão do conhecimento é alicerçada por fatores contextuais, desenvolvidos de forma distinta pelas organizações. Dessa forma, esta pesquisa tem o propósito de identificar uma tipologia quanto ao desenvolvimento desses fatores contextuais. O estudo considera cinco constructos organizacionais relacionados à gestão do conhecimento: recursos humanos, trabalho em equipe, cultura organizacional, estrutura organizacional e desenvolvimento e absorção de conhecimento. A pesquisa é desenvolvida a partir de um survey em 78 empresas do setor automobilístico. A análise de dados é baseada nas técnicas estatísticas de análise fatorial exploratória, que desdobra as variáveis mensuráveis em fatores latentes, análise de cluster, que identifica agrupamentos de empresas, e análise discriminante, que valida a diferença estatística entre os clusters identificados. Os resultados apontam a existência de quatro agrupamentos distintos quanto à pratica da gestão do conhecimento, denominados de “Empresas Inovadoras”, “Empresas Exploradoras”, “Empresas Explotatoras” e “Empresas Retardatárias”.

Abstract Knowledge Management as a practice that returns competitive advantage and innovation to firms is a consensus among researchers. The Knowledge Management is supported by contextual factors developed differently by organizations. Thus, the aim of this research was to identify a typology for the development of these contextual factors. The study considers five organizational constructs related to Knowledge Management: human resources, teamwork, organizational culture, organizational structure, and knowledge development and absorption. The research was developed from a survey of 78 companies in the automotive sector and data analysis was based on the statistical techniques of exploratory factor analysis, which combines measurable variables into latent factors, cluster analysis, which identifies clusters of companies, and discriminant analysis, which validates the statistical difference between the clusters identified. The results point to four different clusters regarding the practice of Knowledge Management: “Innovative Companies”, “Explorative Companies”, “Exploitative Companies” and “Companies Laggards”.

ABSTRACT Objective: The present study has investigated the association between low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) 4037C>T polymorphism and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) susceptibility in a Brazilian population. Subjects and methods: A total number of 134 T1DM patients and 180 normoglycemic individuals (NG) aged 6-20 years were studied. Glycated hemoglobin and glucose levels were determined. Genotyping of LRP5 4037C>T (rs3736228) was performed. Results: T1DM patients showed poor glycemic control. Genotypes in the codominant (CT: OR = 2.99 [CI 95%: 1.71-5.24], p < 0.001; TT: OR = 5.34 [CI 95%: 1.05-2702], p < 0.001), dominant (CT + TT: OR = 3.16 [CI 95%: 1.84-5.43], p < 0.001) and log-additive (OR = 2.78 [CI 95%: 1.70-4.52], p < 0.001) models, and LRP5 4037T allele (OR = 2.88, [CI 95%: 1.78-4.77], p < 0.001) were associated with an increased risk of developing T1DM. LRP5 4037CT and CT+TT carriers in T1DM group showed higher concentrations of serum glucose and glycated hemoglobin when compared with CC carriers. Conclusion: The LRP5 4037C>T may represent a candidate for T1DM susceptibility, as well as poor glycemic control.

ABSTRACT The effect of Azofert® on the induction of tolerance of bean varieties to water deficit was evaluated. The experiment was developed during the period 2013-2014 at the Cooperative for Credits and Services Strengthened "Roberto Aguilar", Bayamo municipality, Granma, Cuba. Varieties CC-25-9R and Tomeguín-93 were used, which were applied four treatments, consisting of normal irrigation conditions throughout the crop cycle and conditions of water deficit at the beginning of flowering, formation and filling of the pods. In each case Azofert® was applied, with a dose of 200 mL per 50 kg of seed at the time of planting and as controls treatments were used without the application of this product. A randomized block design was used according to divided plots and four replicates. Ten plants were selected at random for each treatment to evaluate pod length (cm), pod width (mm), pod diameter (cm), number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pods, number of seeds per plant, weight of seeds per plant (g), weight of 100 seeds (g), as well as yield (t ha-1). The results showed the significant effect of Azofert ® in increasing tolerance to the water deficit of the studied varieties

RESUMEN Se evaluó el efecto del Azofert® en la inducción de la tolerancia de variedades de frijol al déficit hídrico. El experimento se desarrolló durante el período 2013-2014 en la CCSF (Cooperativa de Créditos y Servicios Fortalecida) "Roberto Aguilar", municipio Bayamo, provincia Granma, Cuba. Se utilizaron las variedades CC-25-9R y Tomeguín-93 a las cuales se le aplicaron cuatro tratamientos, consistentes en condiciones normales de riego durante todo el ciclo del cultivo y condiciones de déficit hídrico al inicio de la floración, formación y llenado de las vainas. En cada caso se aplicó Azofert®,con una dosis 200 mL por cada 50 kg de semilla en el momento de la siembra y como controles se utilizaron tratamientos sin la aplicación de este producto. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques al azar con arreglo a parcelas divididas y cuatro réplicas. Se seleccionaron 10 plantas al azar por cada tratamiento para evaluar longitud de las vainas (cm), ancho de las vainas (mm), diámetro de las vainas (cm), número de vainas por plantas, número de semillas por vainas, número de semillas por plantas, peso de las semillas por planta (g), peso de 100 semillas (g) y rendimiento (t ha-1). Los resultados mostraron el efecto significativo del Azofert® en el incremento de la tolerancia al déficit hídrico de las variedades estudiadas

Resumo: A gestão do Conhecimento (GC) é um tema que vem despertando o interesse de muitos pesquisadores nas últimas décadas, sendo grande parte das contribuições orientadas por etapas, denominadas processo de GC. Por se tratar de um tema abrangente, as publicações sobre o processo de GC apresentam contribuições multidisciplinares e, desta forma, esta pesquisa tem por objetivo conceituar este processo, analisando as principais abordagens que orientam o estudo de cada etapa, e, também, levantar as principais publicações que tratam do tema, classificando-as quanto à sua área de contribuição. Para alcançar estes objetivos, este artigo é orientado por uma pesquisa teórico-conceitual, na qual foram estudados 71 artigos. Os resultados desta pesquisa apontam que o processo de GC é constituído de quatro etapas: aquisição, armazenamento, distribuição e utilização do conhecimento. Na fase de aquisição, as temáticas estudadas são aprendizagem organizacional, absorção de conhecimento, processo criativo e transformação do conhecimento. Na fase de armazenamento, as contribuições tratam do indivíduo, organização e tecnologia da informação, enquanto na fase de distribuição os estudos concentram-se nas temáticas contato social, comunidade de prática e compartilhamento via tecnologia de informação. E, por fim, na fase de utilização, são abordados os temas forma de utilização, capacidade dinâmica e recuperação e transformação do conhecimento.

Abstract: Knowledge Management (KM) is a subject that has aroused the interest of many researchers in the last decade, being great part of contributions driven by steps, named KM process. Because it is an embracing theme, publications about KM process have multidisciplinary contributions and, thus, this research aims to conceptualize this process, analyzing the main approach that guides the study of each stage, and also, to raise the main publications on the subject, classifying them as to their contribution area. To reach these goals, this article is oriented by a theoretical-conceptual research, in which 71 articles were studied. The results indicate that the KM process consists of four stages: acquisition, storage, distribution, and use of knowledge. In the acquisition phase, the studied themes are organizational learning, knowledge inception, creative process and knowledge transformation. In the storage phase, the contributions deal with a person, an organization and information technology, while in the distribution phase the studies concentrate in social contact themes, practice community and sharing via information technology. And, finally, in the use phase, we address the form of use, dynamic capacity and retrieval and knowledge transformation.

ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was to investigate the bone mineral density (BMD) of patients with type 1 Diabetes mellitus (T1DM). We also assessed the association between osteoprotegerin (OPG) genetic polymorphisms and BMD. Genotyping was performed for 1181G>C and 163A>G OPG polymorphisms by allelic discrimination in 119 patients with T1DM and 161 normoglycemic (NG) individuals, aged 6 to 20 years old. Glycemic control, serum parameters of bone metabolism and BMD were evaluated. T1DM patients showed low BMD, poor glycemic control and decreased total calcium values when compared to controls (p < 0.05). For all the polymorphisms studied, the genotype and allele frequencies in patients with T1DM were not significantly different from the controls. In patients with T1DM, carriers of OPG 1181CC showed higher concentrations of ionized calcium compared to patients with GG+GC genotypes. These results suggest that low BMD is associated with poor glycemic control in T1DM. Despite the lack of a detected association between OPG polymorphisms and BMD in these patients, the increased ionized calcium in those carrying OPG 1181CC suggests a possible increase in osteoclastogenesis, a conclusion that may be supported by the lower BMD observed in these subjects.

The aim of this study was to assess whether the application of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) during the first stage of orthodontic treatment has an effect on local bone resorption and is detectable at the systemic level by measuring deoxypyridinoline levels (Pyrilinks) in urine. This was a randomized (1:1), double-blind, active-controlled, parallel-group trial. 28 adult patients who were going to start orthodontic treatment were randomly divided into the control group (n: 13) and the experimental group (n: 15), the latter of which received LLLT. All of the subjects underwent testing of urine samples: the first one on the day before the beginning of orthodontic treatment (T0), and the second one 5 days after bracket placement to measure Pyrilinks values (Dpd/Cr) in urine. Group differences were evaluated with Student's paired t-test. At the beginning of the study, the Pyrilinks were in the normal range for 53.57 % of the patients, and 46.43 % had elevated values according to the normal ranges. Only taking into account the normal values at (T0), the average Pyrilinks for control group (T0) were 5.75± 1.20 nM/mM, (T1): 6.02±3.00 nM/mM. For experimental group, (T0) was 5.71± 0.72, and it was 6.63± 0.73 in (T1).There were no significant differences in the Pyrilinks changes. (p= 0.75). In the experimental group levels raised statistically significant (p = 0.009). LLLT on patients starting orthodontic treatment with normal Pyrilinks levels have a statistically significant increment on their levels 5 days post irradiation.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar si la aplicación de la terapia láser de bajo nivel (TLBN) durante la primera etapa del tratamiento ortodóncico tiene un efecto sobre la resorción ósea local y es detectable a nivel sistémico midiendo los niveles de desoxipiridinolina en la orina. Se trató de un ensayo aleatorizado (1:1), doble ciego, controlado de forma activa y paralelo. 28 pacientes adultos que iban a iniciar el tratamiento de ortodoncia se dividieron al azar en el grupo control (n: 13) y el grupo experimental (n: 15), el último de los cuales recibió TLBN. Todos los sujetos fueron sometidos a pruebas de muestras de orina: la primera en el día anterior al inicio del tratamiento ortodóncico (T0) y la segunda 5 días después de la colocación del bracket para medir los valores de Pyrilinks (Dpd / Cr) en la orina. Las diferencias grupales se evaluaron con la prueba t de Student pareada. Al inicio del estudio, los Pyrilinks estaban en el rango normal para 53,57 % de los pacientes, y 46,43 % tenían valores elevados según los rangos normales. Sólo teniendo en cuenta los valores normales en (T0), los Pyrilinks medios para el grupo de control (T0) fueron 5,75 ± 1,20 nM / mM, (T1): 6,02 ± 3,00 nM / mM. Para el grupo experimental, (T0) fue de 5,71 ± 0,72, y fue de 6,63 ± 0,73 en (T1). No hubo diferencias significativas en los cambios de Pyrilinks. (P = 0,75). En el grupo experimental los niveles aumentaron estadísticamente (p = 0,009). LLLT en los pacientes que comienzan el tratamiento ortodóncico con niveles normales de Pyrilinks tienen un incremento estadísticamente significativo en sus niveles 5 días después de la irradiación.

Resumo O estado atual da arte sobre melhoria contínua leva em consideração que as competências e comportamentos organizacionais são elementos mais importantes para a condução e sustentabilidade do que os aspectos de ordem técnica. Este conjunto de competências e comportamentos, inicialmente tratados por Bessant e Caffyn na década de 90, considera, essencialmente, que as organizações devem construir um ambiente voltado à aprendizagem contínua. Desta forma, este artigo tem como objetivo principal analisar o desenvolvimento das competências que sustentam os programas de melhoria contínua em dois ambientes produtivos distintos: setor automobilístico e de bens de capital sob encomenda. A partir de um referencial teórico sobre o tema, é levantado um conjunto de competências que é relacionado à prática da melhoria contínua e, por meio de uma abordagem qualitativa, são analisadas quatro empresas dos dois setores considerados, utilizando-se uma estratégia de estudo de casos. Os resultados da pesquisa sugerem que as empresas do setor automobilístico pesquisadas apresentam maior nível de envolvimento dos funcionários em relação aos programas de melhoria contínua, quando comparadas às empresas do setor de bens de capital, que se justifica pela estratégia adotada pelas organizações.

Abstract The current state of the art on continuous improvement takes into account that the organizational competences and behaviors are more important elements for continuous improvement sustainability than the technical aspect. This set of competences and behaviors, initially treated by Bessant and Caffyn in the 90s, essentially considers that companies must build an environment geared to ongoing learning. Thus, this paper aimed to analyze the development of competences that support the continuous improvement in two different production environments: the automotive and capital goods to order industry. A set of competences that is related to the practice of continuous improvement is raised based on a theoretical background, and through a qualitative approach, four companies of the two considered sectors are analyzed. The research results suggest that the researched automotive sector companies have higher level of employee engagement in continuous improvement programs compared to companies in the capital goods sector, which is justified by the strategy adopted by the them.

Resumo Os modelos mais recentes sobre Gestão do Conhecimento (GC) reconhecem quatro fases para a sua prática: aquisição, armazenamento, distribuição e utilização do conhecimento. A GC se caracteriza como uma disciplina multidisciplinar, envolvendo aspectos de ordem técnica e social e devido à diversidade de assuntos que cerca esse tema, é essencial delimitar seu estudo. Nesse sentido, o recorte proposto para esta pesquisa é social e de coordenação, tendo como objetivo a identificação de fatores contextuais, desenvolvidos internamente às organizações, que sustentam o processo de GC em empresas do setor automobilístico. Para atingir esse objetivo é utilizado um método de pesquisa quantitativo, baseado em uma pesquisa survey. Os resultados obtidos apontam para a existência de oito fatores contextuais que sustentam o processo de GC. Esses fatores são relacionados essencialmente ao ser humano, responsável pela retenção e transformação do conhecimento primário, e ao desenvolvimento de um contexto organizacional que estimule o processo de aprendizagem.

Abstract The latest models of Knowledge Management (KM) recognize four phases: acquisition, storage, distribution and use of knowledge. KM is characterized as a multidisciplinary field, involving both technical and social facets. Due to the diversity of issues surrounding this topic, it is essential to define their study. This research is based on social and coordination studies that seek to identify contextual factors developed internally in organizations that support the KM process in the automotive industry. To achieve this goal, a quantitative research method based on a surveys was used. The results point to the existence of eight contextual factors that support KM. These factors are mainly related to the human beings responsible for the retention and transformation of common knowledge and the development of an organizational context that encourages the learning process.

Introduction: the lung abscess is a suppurated and circumscribed pulmonary infection which causes the destruction of lung parenchyma. Often it appears as a unity and hardly ever multiple. It has several etiologies and the most frequently isolated microorganisms are: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and anaerobic germs. Objective: to present a patient immune-competent that presented multiple lung abscesses due to an abscessed cellulitis at the left knee. Case Presentation: it is presented the case of a male patient, 21 years old who suffered asthma. He was a dove breeder. He was admitted at the hospital complaining about high fever, thoracic pain and cough whit whitish expectoration. He had a preview diagnostic of abscessed cellulitis at the left knee, a month before. It was confirmed about the presence of multiple lung abscesses. The Staphylococcus aureus was isolated at the bronchial washing. Conclusion: iIt presented a case of a patient immune- competent with multiple lung abscesses due to Stafilococcus aureus, to leave abscessed cellulitis at the left knee. The diagnosis was performed by microbiological study of the bronchial washed. It was applied triple antimicrobial therapy for three weeks and concluded with vancomicina. The patient presented a clinical and radiological improvement.

Introducción: el absceso de pulmón es una infección pulmonar supurada y circunscrita que provoca la destrucción del parénquima pulmonar, habitualmente aparece uno solo e infrecuentemente, múltiples. Puede presentar variadas etiologías, siendo los microorganismos que se aíslan con más frecuencia: Staphylococcus aereus, Streptococcus pneumoniae y gérmenes anaerobios. Objetivo: presentar un caso de un paciente inmunocompetente, que a partir de una celulitis abscedada en rodilla izquierda presentó abscesos pulmonares múltiples. Presentación del caso: se presenta el caso de un paciente masculino de 21 años, criador de palomas, con antecedentes de ser asmático desde niño. A los 21 días de una celulitis abscedada en rodilla izquierda, comienza con fiebre elevada, dolor torácico y tos con expectoración blanquecina. Se determinó la presencia de abscesos pulmonares múltiples. Se aisló Staphylococcus aureus en el lavado bronquial. Conclusiones: se presenta un caso muy infrecuente en la práctica clínica. Un paciente inmunocompetente con abscesos pulmonares múltiples causado por Stafilococcus aureus, a partir de una celulitis abscedada en rodilla izquierda. El diagnóstico se realizó por estudio microbiológico del lavado bronquial. Evolucionó favorablemente con mejoría clínica e imagenológica.

In the two last decades, major changes in the productive matrix have been ocurred in the rural Uruguay, mainly linked to the introduction of monocultures. Among the aspects to poin out are: a) technical changes, related to direct seeding, b) the intensification of agricultural system, c) and competition for land access, mainly by the actions of soybean and forestry corporations (pool seed). This paper will emphasize in the recent changes occurred in the rural land uses and its impacts in four Departments located in the littoral of the Uruguay River (Rio Negro, Paysandu, Salto and Artigas), where the dynamic manifestation in the advancing of the Argentina soybean frontline into the Uruguayan territory is notorious, and where the establishment of forestry monoculture is spatially significant. We analyze the differentiation of two phenomena: agricultural expansion on livestock areas and land use intensification in traditional farming areas with history and agricultural vocation. The articulation of these two trends presents a temporal distinction; until 2006 dominated the first phenomena described and since 2006, the second one has the most important trend. Moreover afforestation shows a similar trend but with less dynamism in the period 2000 to 2009.

Uruguay rural presenta en las últimas dos décadas cambios importantes en su matriz productiva, vinculados principalmente a la implantación de monocultivos. Entre los aspectos a destacar se encuentran: los cambios técnicos relacionados con la siembra directa, la intensificación del sistema agrícola y la competencia por el acceso a la tierra fundamentalmente por el accionar de grandes empresas sojeras (pool de siembra) y forestales. En este trabajo se abordarán los cambios recientes en el uso del suelo rural y sus impactos en cuatro departamentos del litoral del Río Uruguay (Río Negro, Paysandú, Salto y Artigas), donde la manifestación de las dinámicas que ocurren con el avance de la frontera agrícola sojera argentina en territorio uruguayo, y la implantación de especies de monocultivos forestales, es espacialmente significativa. Se analiza la diferenciación de dos fenómenos: expansión agrícola sobre zonas ganaderas tradicionales e intensificación en zonas con historia reciente y vocación agrícola. La articulación de estas dos tendencias presenta una diferenciación temporal: hasta el año 2006 predomina la primera y, a partir de 2006, presenta mayor importancia la segunda tendencia. Por otra parte, la forestación presenta una tendencia similar pero con menor dinamismo en el periodo 2000-2009.